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1 Advance, ________. http://advance.uconn.edu/2003/031117/03111715.htm.

2 Groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and ________ in Pakistan advocate a totalistic and theocratic alternative to secular political ideologies.

3 Following this, Mu'awiyah, who was governor of Levant, seized power and began the ________.

4 ________-12-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4385768.stm. Retrieved 2006-09-28.

5 The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of ________.

6 The science of Qur'anic commentary and exegesis is known as ________.

7 Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the ________.

8 His death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by ________ and Ali ibn Abi Talib.

9 Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first ________.

10 From the 11th century onwards a series of wars known as the Crusades brought the Muslim world into conflict with ________.

đź’ˇ Interesting Facts

  • the Indonesian Muslim organization Muhammadiyah has over 29 million members and manages several universities?
  • the Islamic Spaniard Judar Pasha led 4,000 Moroccans to victory against more than 40,000 Songhai troops at the Battle of Tondibi, putting an end to West Africa's Songhai Empire?
  • the Muslim state of Ifat was completely annexed by Ethiopia in 1415?
  • the French orientalist painter Étienne Dinet (pictured) was so fascinated by Arab culture that he converted to Islam?
  • the Eritrean Independent Moslem League was persuaded to support a union between Ethiopia and Eritrea, after receiving Ethiopian assurances on Arabic schooling and respect for Islamic traditions?
  • in the 1850s, El Hadj Umar Tall founded a short-lived Islamic empire covering modern day Guinea, Senegal, and Mali?
  • in the Islamic tradition, Bahira (pictured) was a Christian monk who foretold to the adolescent Muhammad his future prophetic career?
  • it was recently discovered that about 10,000 Muslim graves in Cebeci Asri Cemetery, Ankara, Turkey were not oriented in the direction required by Islam?
  • the jihad of Modibo Adama led to the spread of Islam and the Fulani ethnic group across northern Cameroon?
  • the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan's grandson Hulegu Khan, executed Al-Musta'sim, the Abbasid caliph of the Islamic state, following the 1258 Battle of Baghdad?
  • the Mecelle, the Ottoman civil code of 1877, was the first attempt to codify part of the laws of an Islamic state?
  • the Mourning of Muharram, observed by Shi'a Muslims, commemorates the anniversary of the death of Imam Husayn ibn Ali at the Battle of Karbala in 680?
  • the symbol of Fatima's hands, while widespread in Middle Eastern Islamic societies, is not officially condoned by Islam?
  • the 110th United States Congress freshman class contains members from diverse backgrounds, including a professional football player, a Navy vice admiral, several former teachers, and the first Buddhist and Muslim members?
  • the Haramain High Speed Rail Project in Saudi Arabia, will run for 444 km (276 mi) between the Islamic holy cities of Medina and Mecca with 320-km/h (200-mph) electric trains?
  • the Crusade of Varna required simultaneous attacks on the Muslim Ottoman Empire by Christian Hungary and the Muslim Karamanids, which did not occur?
  • the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism is a Muslim advocacy group which monitors media coverage of Islam and Muslims in the U.K.?
  • in Islam, Tahrif is the charge that Jewish and Christian holy books have been subject to change, alteration or forgery?
  • during the captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, 30,000 of the captured 60,000 Christians were forcibly converted to Islam by Tipu Sultan?
  • Jacob's Well (pictured) in Nablus is a site associated with Jacob in Jewish, Samaritan, Christian and Muslim tradition?
  • Maryam Jameelah, a New York-born convert from Judaism to Islam, became a prominent female advocate for conservative Islam?
  • Mohammed Salman Hamdani was a Muslim citizen of the United States who was killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks and who is specifically mentioned in Section 102 of the USA PATRIOT Act?
  • Ismael Urbain was a high-level official in mid-nineteenth century French Algeria and adviser to Napoleon III due to his strong knowledge of Islam?
  • Hauz Khas Complex in South Delhi encompasses a water tank, an Islamic seminary, a mosque, a tomb and pavilions built around a medieval village in the 13th-century Delhi Sultanate reign?
  • Muhammad had engaged as a diplomat for a time during his call to Islam?
  • Amar Ouzegane, first secretary of the Algerian Communist Party until 1947, later renounced communism, arguing for a fusion of Islam and socialism?
  • Niccolò Da Conti (1395–1469) was a Venetian merchant who traveled around the Indian Ocean for 25 years in the early 15th century, and was made to relate an account of his travels as a penance for converting to Islam?
  • Sabr is the Islamic virtue of patience and endurance?
  • a major milestone in the decline of Buddhism in India came in 1193 when the great university at Nalanda was destroyed by Turkish Muslim raiders?
  • an inquiry into Sidhom Bishay's execution for his refusal to convert to Islam and renounce Christianity resulted in the dismissal of a judge and a governor?
  • before David Myatt converted to Islam in 1998 and endorsed Islamic terrorism, he had been active in Nazi satanism in the UK since the late 1960s?
  • Penitents Compete is a Turkish reality television series in which a Jewish rabbi, a Buddhist monk, a Greek Orthodox priest, and a Muslim imam try to convert atheists?
  • Islam: The Straight Path by John L. Esposito is an introductory text on Islam that devotes half its content to the development of Islam in modern and reformist times?
  • shukr is the Islamic virtue of gratitude?
  • Zhang Chengzhi, who formed China's first group of Red Guards while a student at Tsinghua University Middle School, converted to Islam?
  • Georgia’s capital Tbilisi functioned as the center of an Islamic emirate under the Arab rule from 736 to 1122?
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